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The basic principle of Blast Furnace Ironmaking is to utilize the reducing property of carbon monoxide (CO) to reduce iron oxides in iron ore into iron. Inside the blast furnace, coke serves as fuel to generate heat and produce carbon monoxide gas. These gases come into contact with iron ore (primarily iron oxides such as Fe₂O₃ or Fe₃O₄) and undergo a reduction reaction, producing iron and carbon dioxide. Simultaneously, the materials inside the blast furnace undergo processes such as melting, slagging, carburization, and desulfurization, ultimately forming pig iron.
Equipment and Process of Blast Furnace Ironmaking
The blast furnace is the primary equipment for blast furnace ironmaking. It is a vertical furnace resistant to high temperatures and pressures, typically consisting of a furnace shell, lining, cooling equipment, tuyeres, slag tap holes, and iron tap holes. The process of blast furnace ironmaking involves the following main steps:
Raw Material Preparation: This includes iron ore, coke, and flux (such as limestone). Iron ore is the raw material for extracting iron, coke serves as fuel and reductant, and flux is used for slagging to remove impurities in the iron ore.
Charging and Distribution: The prepared raw materials are fed into the blast furnace through charging equipment and distributed in a specific ratio and sequence.
Blasting and Heating: Preheated air is blown into the blast furnace through tuyeres, where coke burns to generate heat and carbon monoxide.
Reduction and Melting: Inside the blast furnace, iron ore is reduced to iron by carbon monoxide, and coke also melts to form molten iron and slag.
Tapping of Iron and Slag: When molten iron and slag accumulate to a certain level, they are tapped separately through the iron tap hole and slag tap hole.
Technical Characteristics of Blast Furnace Ironmaking
Efficiency: Blast furnace ironmaking is a large-scale, continuous production method with high production efficiency.
Flexibility: Blast furnace ironmaking can adjust operating parameters according to different raw material conditions and production requirements to adapt to varying production conditions.
Environmental Protection: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, blast furnace ironmaking faces increasingly stringent environmental requirements. By adopting advanced dust removal, desulfurization, and denitrification technologies, pollution emissions during blast furnace ironmaking can be reduced.
